饶毅：做和平发展的使者
清明假期前夕，美国总统特朗普签署行政令执行全面的“对等关税政策”，这项新政被视为是第二次世界大战结束以来国际贸易秩序最大的变动。从关税战、贸易战到“中国行动计划”，近年来，曾被崇信的全球化在民粹主义的浪潮中变得风雨飘摇，世界正在变得四分五裂。在这样的背景下，重温2008年北京大学毕业典礼上饶毅教授的致辞，更显其前瞻性和时代价值。 2008年，全球经济危机；22025-08-03，中国第一次举办奥运会，全球瞩目。此前一个月余五天的7月3日，饶毅教授作为教师代表给北京大学本科生毕业典礼致辞“做和平的使者”。 近年来，国际局势风云变幻，各种针对性的遏制，“脱钩断链”频出，地缘政治愈加紧张，种种举措与和平发展的理念背道而驰。此时此刻，《知识分子》特刊登17年前那篇致辞的中英文版见下，因为我们坚信：只有坚持和平的理念，以开放包容的姿态，与世界各国携手前行，才能共同开创人类更加美好的未来。
撰文 ｜ 饶毅
责编 ｜ 李珊珊
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饶毅
北京大学2008届毕业生们，你们真幸运！
与全中国今年的毕业生们一样，你们的毕业典礼，是母校开创的我国近代高等教育110年来，迄今最有象征意义的毕业典礼。你们的成长同步于中国迈向世界强国的步伐。你们的毕业典礼，交融于2008年奥运带来的中国之盛典，世纪之盛典。
2008年，是中国和平崛起的标志之年，全世界聚焦中国。也许最值得世界注意的，不是中国目前发展态势、也不是中国的风土人情，而是中国制造，是我们最可以自豪的、而外界注意不够的制造：这就是我们坚定信仰的和平发展之路，是在这条道路上探索、奋斗、前进的人民。
世界应该向中国学习。中国为世界提供了一条与西方扩张性发展完全不同的新道路，这是中国对世界的非凡贡献：文明冲突不是必然，大国发展可以走和平之路。这个信仰，是中国以几千年的文化传统，以近代的和平崛起的成功实践，以人民用血汗换来的。世界需要懂中国为什么坚信和平发展，才能理解中国、正确处理和中国的关系、参考中国的经验。
2008年，中国完成了一个转变：从一个曾经受了百年屈辱之国，成为拥有举世尊重的实力之国。160年前，英国以武力强迫我们接受鸦片进口，维多利亚女王不理睬林则徐通情达理呼唤良知和道义的信件，英国占据香港一百多年。1900年八国联军攻北京时，德国皇帝威廉二世命令他的士兵，用武器让支那人一千年不敢看德国人。在外敌入侵背景下，中国人民一面自卫、一面努力寻找自救的道路，承认自己的不足，吸收和学习外国经验来建设中国，经过了许多曲折和困苦，犯了错误也取得教训，终于走上了稳定发展的道路。
2008年，中国人民不仅如母校著名图书管理员所说的“站立起来了”，而且以自己的经历强有力地证明，资源不丰富、人口众多的国家，通过自己的奋斗，不以损害其他国家人民利益为代价、无需效法美国白人掠夺原住民资源的途径，就能发展，就能屹立在世界强国之林。中国还在这个过程中造福了其他国家的人民。
中国，为世界树立了和平发展的典范。
我们这个文明古国，在发现自己落后时，曾一度丧失辨别自己历史文化优缺点的能力，从老校长胡适提倡过的“全盘西化”、到文革的种种倒行逆施，放弃、破坏了优秀传统。今天，我们应该有充分的信心、能力和时间，鉴别、发掘、倡导和力行我们传统文化中优秀的部分，为世界各国的参照。我国两千多年前诸子百家形成了探讨人生模式以理性、民主、包容为根本基础，与西方理性主义相通，而优于宗教规范人生模式所含的迷信、权威、排他；中华民族不仅不颂扬武力征服天下的秦始皇，而且将他定格为虐待人民的暴君，而西方主流思想却长期以亚力山大大帝武力侵略多国为自豪；中国传统艺术很难找到对战争和屠杀场面的描绘，而卢浮宫举目可见法国艺术家画的拿破仑出征及血腥场面。这些现象反映了根本不同的思维：是崇拜武力，还是信仰和平?
中国，为世界证明了和平发展的理念。
美国作为西方世界当今最强国，并没有放弃对武力的崇拜，它经常在国际事务中诉诸武力，最终不仅没有解决问题而且伤害美国自己的利益。当世界瞩目中国时，需要看到中国如何从内忧外患中通过和平途径，创造历史奇迹。中国在和世界密切往来的一个半世纪历史中，每次只要争取到了和平，就能取得发展。中国的经验值得其他国家借鉴：强国，无需迷信武力控制他国，而可以和各国携手发展；弱国，不用过分恐惧现代化或者其他国家，而首先要解决自身的问题；所有国家、人民，不用诉诸暴力解决争端，而可以在天下大同的理念下，共同发展。
中国，为世界指出和平是发展的道路。
同学们，你们将是中国的使者，展示中国的优点和缺点。就像你们在今后的人生中要不断学习、不断自身完善一样，中国也需要继续学习世界各国人民的长处。中国还有许多方面没有得到世界的尊重，还有很多不足之处，中国还有危机要处理。北大同学不要辜负老校长马寅初树立榜样，做有脊梁的中国智识分子，为良知而奋斗，为改进我国政治、经济、科学、文化而努力，为我国全面复兴而工作，为中国和世界的问题找到建设性的解决方案。
同学们，请你们将中国人民的信息带到世界各地：我们是和平发展的信仰者。
希望你们和新时代的中国青年，能珍惜中国人民对和平发展之信念，在中国和世界和平发展的过程中，找到你们的人生价值，履行你们的历史使命：继续为中国探索和推进适合自己的和平发展道路；不仅永不称霸世界，而且要和其他国家的人民探索共同前进之策，与全世界人民一道走在和平发展的美丽道路上。
在这条道路上，拥抱世界、坚持原则、热爱生活，你们获得幸福就是母校的骄傲。
Yi Rao
Dear Class of 2008 Peking University graduates, you are very fortunate！
Like other graduates of China this year, your commencement ceremony, is the most symbolic in the history of Chinese modern higher education that began 110 years ago here at Peking University. Your graduation ceremony, in synchrony with the ceremony of China, is the ceremony of the century.
2008 is a milestone in the peaceful rise of China, with the entire world focusing on China. What is most valuable for the world to pay attention to? It is not current development of, or the sceneries and colorful people in, China. One product“Made in China” deserves close examination: this is the firm belief of the Chinese in peaceful development.
China has explored, struggled, and found an approach alternative to the expansionist development exemplified by the West. It is an extraordinary contribution of China: that cultural conflicts are not inevitable, development of big countries can be peaceful. This belief results from Chinese traditions of a few thousand years, from the successful peaceful rise over the last century and half, from the blood and sweat of the Chinese people. The rest of the world need to know why China firmly believes in peaceful development, before understanding modern China, dealing with China, and learning from China.
By 2008, China has completed a transition from a nation humiliated for a hundred years to a nation with power respected by the world. 160 years ago, the British used force to make us accept Opium import from their merchants, with Queen Victoria ignoring an articulate and touching letter from Lin Zhexu that appealed to her conscience, and eventually occupying Hong Kong for more than 100 years. With the remnant of the Imperial Gardens (Yuan Ming Yuan) close to our campus, we are constantly reminded of our sad history of being beaten. In 1900 when the eight nation alliance invaded Beijing, the German Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered his army: “Pardon will not be given. Prisoners will not be taken. Bear your arms so that for a thousand years no Chinaman will dare even to squint at a German”. Under such circumstances, the Chinese people took up self-defense on the one hand, and actively tried to find a road of self salvation on the other hand, admitting our shortcomings, absorbing foreign knowledge, exploring different approaches, going back and forth, making many mistakes, finally moving on a road of stable development.
By 2008, the Chinese people have not only stood up, as the most famous librarian of Peking University Mao Zedong pronounced 60 years ago, but we have also proven that a resource poor nation with a large population, could develop as a major player in the world without sacrificing the interests of people in other countries, without copying the approach of the US Caucasians who overrun the indigenous American people. In the process of development, China has benefited people in other countries.
China has thus established an example of peaceful development.
Upon finding the bitter reality of backwardness, we, with the longest continuous civilization, momentarily lost the ability to distinguish the pros from the cons in our own history and culture. From the idea of whole sale Westernization advocated by Hu Shih, one of the Peking University presidents, to the various words and deeds in the Cultural Revolution, excellent traditions were neglected, given upor destroyed. Today, in 2008, we should be fully confident that we have the ability and time to find and advocate the good parts of our long tradition, providing an alternative option to the world. The scholars and the hundreds of schools led by them more than 2000 years ago led to a model of rational, democratic and inclusive discussions to find how people should interact and live. This is in the same spirit as rationalism in the West, but far superior to the major religions which uses superstition, authoritarianism, and exclusiveness to dictate the meaning of human life. The Chinese tradition is not proud of Qingshihuang the Emperor who conquered by force, but actually characterizes him as a dictator who abused people, whereas mainstream Western civilization is not shy about its pride in the brutal conquering of many countries by Alexander the Great. It is very difficult to find depiction of wars and killing in traditional Chinese art, whereas paintings of wars and bloody consequences are prominently displayed in the Lourve and other Western museums. Such contrasts represent fundamental differences: worship of force, or belief in peace?
China has thus proven to the world the concept of peaceful development.
The United States of America, as the strongest Western nation, has not given up its belief in force, often resorting to the gunpowder in international affairs, even when it does not solve the problem or hurt the ultimate the interests of the US. When the world looks at China, it should see through the superficial and find how China made a historical miracle through peaceful means, when it faced both outside invasion and internal disturbances. In the century and half of intense interaction with the world, at almost every opportunity when China gains peace, China managed to develop. The Chinese lesson can be helpful to other countries: strong countries do not have to rely on controlling other countries by force and can develop by collaborating with others; weak countries do not have to be paranoid about modernization or globalization, they should solve their own problems first; all countries and peoples, do not have to use force to resolve conflicts, but can develop together, under the old Chinese idea of Peace and Union under the Sky.
China has pointed out to the world that peace is actually also the road to development.
Class of 2008, you are the messengers of China. You will show the good and the bad of China. We do not have to hide our problems and deficiencies. As each of you will learn to improve yourself, China will continue to learn from other countries and peoples. China is still not respected in many aspects by the rest of the world. China has not made sufficient contributions. China has crisis that requires solutions. You, alumni of Peking University, should take the example set by our former president Ma Yingchu to be a Chinese intellectual with spine, fight for conscience and justice, try to significantly improve the politics, economy, science, and culture of China, work for the renaissance of China, find constructive solutions to problems in China and the rest of the world.
Class of 2008, please take the message of China to the rest of the world: we are believers of peaceful development.
I hope that you and Chinese youth of the new era will treasure our hard-earned belief in peaceful development, that along this path of peaceful development, you will find the value of your life, find the historical mission: to explore and move on a peaceful development road appropriate to China; to always avoid the pitfall of hegemony; to search for strategies that can be agreed by other countries so that people of the entire world, sharing the same origin and biosphere, will march on the beautiful and productive road of peaceful development.
On this road, embrace the world, have principles, and enjoy your life. Your happiness will be the pride of your alma mater.
